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December 1912 



Commontoealtft of Pemtgplbania. 



department of ifore£tr^ 



FORESTER'S MANUAL. 



PART I. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 

OUTLINE FOR ANNUAL REPORT 

INSTRUCTIONS UPON FORMS 



HARRISBURG: 
O. E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

1912 



December 1912 
Commontoealtft of pgnnsplbanta. 

department of iforesrtrp* 



FORESTER'S MANUAL. 



PART I. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 

OUTLINE FOR ANNUAL REPORT 

INSTRUCTIONS UPON FORMS 



HARRISBURG: 

C. E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OT" PENNSYLVANIA. 

1912 



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D. of D. 
JAN 16 915 



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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 

General Instructions, 3 

Outline for Annual Report 5 

Forms Used by 

1 Incidental Voucher, small Office 10 

2 Incidental Voucher, large, Office 1 

3 Voucher, small, Foresters 1 

4 Voucher, large, Foresters 10 

5 Academy Voucher, small, Forest Academy 12 

6 Academy Voucher, large, Forest Academy 12 

7 Receipt, Foresters 12 

8 Warrant for School Charges, Office 12 

9 Warrant for Road Charges, Office 12 

10 Vacant Land Letter, Office 12 

11 Land Offer, Office 12 

12 Contract for Land Purchase, Office 13 

13 Timber Cut Office & Foresters 13 

14 Summary of Timber Cut Office 1 3 

15 Forest Fire Report Office & Foresters 13 

16 Forest Fire Bill, .Office & Foresters 13 

17 Fire Loss Office 14 

18 Summary Fire Loss, Office 14 

19 Summary of Fires, Foresters 14 

20 Reserve Rules, Foresters 15 

21 Application for Camp Permit, Office & Foresters 15 

22 Camp Permit, - t Office 15 

23 Surveyor's Daily Notes, Surveyors 15 

24 Daily Record, Foresters & Rangers 16 

25 Time Sheet, Foresters 17 

26 Labor Account Sheet Foresters 18 

27 Pay Roll, Foresters 19 

28 Bill Head, small, Foresters 19 

29 Bill Head, large, Foresters 19 

30 Statement of Finances, Foresters 20 

31 Forest Products, Foresters 21 

32 Financial Receipts, Foresters 21 

33 Plantation Report Foresters 22 

34 Annual Planting Report, Foresters 22 

35 Plantation Growth Record, Foresters 23 

36 Roads, Trails and Fire Lanes Foresters 25 

37 Description of Compartments, Foresters 26 

38 Table of Areas, Foresters 26 

39 Tables of Qualities of Locality, Foresters 26 

40 Valuation Survey, Foresters 27 

41 Tree Analysis Foresters 27 

42 Tree Volume Foresters 28 

43 Application to Forest Academy, Office 28 

(1) 



Page. 

44 Academy Student Agreement, major Office 29 

45 Academy Student Agreement, minor, Office 29 

46 Academy Bond Office 29 

47 Shipping Tag, Nursery Certificate Nurserymen 29 

48 Application Forest Tree Seedlings, Office 29 

49 Lightning Report Foresters 29 

50 Nursery Operation Sheet, Nurserymen 29 

51 Nursery Shipment Card, Nurserymen 29 

52 Receipt for Nursery Stock, Nurserymen & Foresters 30 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 



1. The business of the Department is increasing rapidly, and time 
must be .saved in every possible way. Uniformity in terms used, in 
statements of expenses, and in various kinds of reports is absolutely 
necessary. Brevity and conciseness can best be obtained by tabu- 
lated data, and with this idea in view many of the forms have been 
evolved. Some have been taken almost without change from the 
records of forest management abroad, but in most cases time-tested 
forms have been used as the basis and such changes made as were nec- 
essary to make them of most value to the Department. 

2. In many cases details will have to be given on separate sheets or 
on the back of forms dealing with the particular subject which needs 
to be. set forth at greater length than is called for in the form itself. 

o. The Department of Forestry uses a great many kinds of forms, a 
few of which do not concern the foresters or rangers in the field. 
Each forester should have a supply of all necessary forms on hand. 

4. Each forester should be sure to place his name and the date in 
the right hand corner, at the top of each form or sheet used. No 
paper should be tiled or sent from a forester's office without being- 
dated and signed. 

5. Careful attention should be given as to what each form is and 
to the instructions for using it. Many times the business of the 
Department is burdened or delayed by reason of the fact that forms 
must be returned with repeated instructions for correction. 

(J. Fill out proper report form as soon as each operation is finished 
and hie it. 

7. Use one form sheet for each operation, to be kept as part of re- 
serve tile. For report to Department in some cases one sheet may 
be used as a summary. 

8. Keep a duplicate of each report. 

!). Tabulate as much material as possible. 

lb. Always include cost of rangers' and foresters' time in the cost 
of any operation. 

11. On forms upon which financial statements are made, as vouch- 
er, receipt, pay roll, etc., no erasures are. permitted. If errors are 
made, new forms must be tilled up. 

12. The terms ''miscellaneous items," '•incidentals," and similar 
ones must not be used. 

13. Neatness in all cases is required, and proper English is in- 
sisted upon. 

11. The work in which the Department is engaged is for the bene- 
fit of the whole people of Pennsylvania. Money appropriated by the 
Legislature is taken from the people's money in the Treasury. Every 
citizen, therefore, has a direct interest in the work. 

(a) Every forester must keep his records in such shape that he 
may be able, on a moment's notice, to turn to any item of operation 

(3) 



or expense and give what information may be desired, either by an 
official of the State or by a citizen. 

(b) All records and operations must be open to inspection. 

15. Make notes as to improvement of forms or outline and submit 
the same Avith jour annual report. 

16. If in doubt concerning anything, write immediately to the De- 
partment for information and assistance. 

17. Order all forms by number. 

18. Forms have been made uniform as to size, either 81x7 or 8^ 
x 14 inches. 

(a) One fold is sufficient in the case of the small size. 

(b) To fold the large size 

1— When the, heading is across the 8| inch side, take the form 
at the bottom of the sheet in right hand and fold in half 
to the lop, and then fold in half again in similar direc- 
tion. Any backing may now l»e placed on the upper 
surface of the fold at the left end. 

2 — When the heading is across the 11 inch side, take the left 
edge of the form and fold over to the right, and then fold 
in half again in similar direction. A backing may now 
be placed upon the. form, at the top, as it lies folded. 

19. All report material not written on forms must be on paper of 
the same size as the forms, viz., 8| x 14 inches, or on regulation type- 
writer size, viz., 8-|- x 13 inches. 

20. The following definitions shall prevail in the service: 

(a) A reserve is a large contiguous tract of State land. 

(b) A division is that portion of a reserve under the direction 

of a forester or assistant forester. 

(c) A range is that portion of a division under the protection 

of a ranger. 

(d) A block consists of a number of adjoining compartments, 

as for example, those within a certain watershed, or 
covering a certain mountain, and may be designated by 
the name of the stream, or mountain, or by some local 
historic name. 

(e) A compartment shall be. considered as the smallest unit 

of management. 

1 — The boundaries should be either natural features 

• or roads and trails. 
2 — The area should not exceed 300 acres, and where- 
ever possible should average much less. Uni- 
formity in area is desirable. 

(f) A sub-compartment is the area occupied by a growth of 

more or less even age, a pure stand, or an area exhibit- 
ing a distinct soil quality, etc. 

1 — A sub-compartment may be permanent or tempo- 
rary. 

2 — There should be as few as possible. 



OUTLINE FOE ANNUAL REPORT OF FORESTER. 



The forester's report for each year must be submitted to tbe De- 
partment on or before January 10th of the succeeding' year, and 
must conform to this outline. In the year preceding a legislative 
session a preliminary report must be submitted covering the main 
features of the outline, and must be in the Department by the 15th 
of November. 

Deal with each item in the outline each year. Where desired in- 
formation is lacking or does not exist, a statement to this effect must 
be made, e. g., if there have been no tires upon the reserves, say "No 
fires this year." When necessary, incorporate the material of the 
previous report. As the forester becomes more familiar with his re- 
serve he will be able to change his statements to what is more nearly 
correct. As surveys progress, areas, ages, volumes, etc., will be defi- 
nitely known. 

1. Name of reserve, if named, and situation by counties; also sub- 
divisions when definitely determined. See Form 37. 

(a) Each year should add something to the historic record 
of the reserve, and whenever items of interest are ob- 
tained records should be made at once. Historic record 
must be revised in report of years ending in I). 
(In A report of the following features is to he made at the end 
of the first full year that a forester has been on his re- 
serve, and revised thereafter in years ending in 5. 

1 — Geologic characteristics, naming group or groups 
of rocks showing on surface, character of soil, 
and whether surface is of glacial deposit. 
2 — General topography of reserve, stating whether 
plateau, hilly, or mountainous, and naming ap- 
proximately the proportion of each. 
3- -Local climatic conditions. 

2. Forest Staff: 

(a) Rangers. 

(It) Other regular employes. 

(c) Statements concerning them. 

3. Status of boundary survey, — completed or not ; condition of 
boundary line, — brushed, painted, and posted or not ; statements or 
suggestions concerning the same; corners. 

4. Interior or exterior tracts, — difficulties or advantages arising 
therefrom; tracts State should own and why; information of value 
relative to possible purchase. 

5. Areas: (Tabulate and revise from year to year as the reserve is 
more familiarly known. Always give previous year's estimates and 
indicate any areas actually surveyed.) Submit whenever possible a 
map of the reserve showing these areas. See Forms 37, 38, 39. 

(a) Total area added by years; virgin forest, if any. 

(bi Area covered with mature or hypermature forests, and 
approximately the volume according to material it would 
produce; species, market conditions, and proposed meth- 



6 

ods of operations in detail, including methods of regener- 
ation. 

(c) Area covered with stands having a density of 50 per cent. 

or over. Divide this area into two classes: 

1 — Number of acres not in need of improvement. 
2 — Number of acres in need of improvement. 
Stale approximately the amount of wood product which 

may be removed, noting form and species and possible 

present markets. 
State conditions under which operations may be made 

profitable. 
St^te what must lie done to bring the stands to normal 

density. 

(d) Area with scattered trees from a density of 10 per cent, up 

to stands having a density of 50 per cent.; species, and 
amount of material which should be removed, market 
conditions, etc. 
State what must be done to bring the stands to normal 
density. 

(e) Area, not included in above, covered with brush or weed 

growth, as scrub oak, bracken, briars, huckleberry 
bushes, etc. 
State proportion of this area which will be naturally re- 
forested by a growth of valuable species if protected from 
fire and grazing: Reforesting of remaining portion; 
amount of fire killed timber. 

(f) Area of open ground where seed or seedlings may be 

planted now with little or no difficulty, as old fields, 
mill sites, severely burned areas, etc. 

(g) Area covered with rocks, where no cutting ought to be 

done, or where no regeneration can be expected, 
(h) Area covered with water; — lakes, dams, ponds, am 

streams. 
(i) Area used for roads and trails, 
(j i Area used for tire lanes, 
(k) Summarize areas from above where reforesting by planting 

is not justified at present rate of cost. 
0. Springs and Streams: 

(a) Locate all springs on map. 

(b) State whether springs are cleaned, made accessible, or 

posted (named). 
(ci Data with reference to flow of springs. Continuous or 
not; unusual flow or drying up, and probable cause of 
same, whether due to climatic conditions, humus condi- 
tions, drainage, or other cause, 
(d) Condition of streams generally. 
1 — Regularity of flow. 
2 — Contamination. 
( a ) Possibility. 
ibi Prevention. 
7. Buildings and repairs: 

(a) Condition of all buildings on reserve. 

(b) Need of repairs or new buildings. 

(c) Fences. 



(d) Telephone lines existing on or near the reserve; service, ex- 

pense, need of extension, etc. 

(e) Other conditions necessary for comfort and efficiency of 

personnel of the service. 
S. Roads. See Form 36. 

(a) Distinguish carefully between extension and improvement 

as indicated at head of form. 

(b) Blasting, brushing, re.brushing, bridging, etc., should also 

be kept separately. 

(c) Improvements should be specified on the reports and cost 

reported on a basis per 100 feet of total length, not sim- 
ply upon the distance covered by the improvements. 

(d) Outline of road system as planned to date, or map of the 

same. This can be made only after a careful considera- 
tion of markets and of configuration of reserve. 

9. Easements: 

(a) Eights of way. 

1— Conditions relating to all such rights. 
2 — Good or bad features. 

(b ) Other easements. 

(An easement is a light to exercise a privilege adversely 
to the owner of the title.) 

10. Leases: 

(a) Revenues, and material removed. 

(b) Benefits or detriments. 

11. Minerals and other valuable products. 

12. Seed Collection : 
fa) Date. 

(b) Species. 

(c) Amount. 

(d) Cost per unit of measure to time of planting or shipment, 
(ej Quality. 

(f ) Amount to be used bv self. 

13. Plantations: See Forms 33, 34, 35. 

(a) Date on each form should be the date on which plantation 

is made. 

(b) Planting Summary (Form 34). 

1 — Make separate statements of seeds planted in nur- 
sery and of those placed in plantations. 

2 — Must correspond with the totals of plantation re- 
ports. 

3 — Indicate with red ink. seed and plants collected, 
raised and planted on your own reserve. 

(c) Measurement of past plantations must be revised and kept 

to date. See Form 35. 

(d) Area (total) planted to date with seeds and with seedlings. 

(e) Amount (total) of seeds and number of seedlings by species 

planted to date on reserve (not in nursery). 

14. Nurseries: 

(a) Date established and area at time of establishment. 

(b) Area in current year. 

(c) Inventory of seedlings by species and age. 

(d) Number of seedlings available for spring planting, giving 

species, age, and cost per thousand. 



8 

(e> Number of seedlings shipped to individuals during year. 

1 — To foresters or rangers for reserve planting, giving 

name, place to which shipped, number of each 

species according to age, and price per thousand. 

2— To private individuals, giving name, address, 

species, age, number, and price per thousand. 
3 — -Number used on own reserve. 
( fi Amount of seed planted in nursery. See Form 34. 
(g) Statements concerning temporary or permanent improve- 
ments and general nursery conditions and work. 
15. Sample Plots, Experimental Plantations, etc.: 
( a i When established. 

(b) Name. 

(c) Location. 

(d) Area. 

(e) Object of development. 

If) Measurements past and present. (Tabulate all data). 
1G. Labor Conditions: 

(a) Wages per day or per hour per man. 

ibi Wages per day or per hour for teams, with and without 

drivers, etc. 
(c) Ueasons for high or low wages. 
Id) Scarcity and quality of labor, and cause for s;ime. 

17. Improvement Cuttings: See Forms !.">, 31, 32. 
(a) Conditions existing previously. 

lb) Conditions subsequently and benefits expected. 

(c) Conditions of improvement cuttings of previous years. 

18. Market Conditions: 

(a) Needs of the district. 

1 — Specifications. 

2 — Species. 

3 — Quantities used per year. 

4 — Prices, 
ibi Transportation facilities. 
I c ) Railroad rates. 

(d) Possibilities with reference to the reserve in detail in ac- 

cordance with present market conditions. 

19. Data with reference to growth. See Forms 35, 39, 40, 41, 42. 

20. Erosion. 

21. Insect or fungus attacks. 

22. Forest Fires: See Forms 17, 19, 49. 

(a) Statements not covered by forms. 

(b) Observatory stations. 

(c) Fire wardens and their work. 

23. Trespass and fines: 

(a) Violations of forest, fish, and game laws, or reserve rules 
reported and disposition of cases. 

24. Outing and Recreation: 
(a) Camps and campers. 

1 — Number. 

2 — Matter with reference to their conduct. 

3 — Hunting: 

(a) Number of deer killed on or in the neighbor- 
hood of the reserve, 



9 

(b) Other game. 
4 — Fish and Ashing. 

(b) List of camp sites by common name and location. 

(c) Other uses of reserve for outing and recreation. 

25. Inventory: (Use separate sheets.) 

(a) All tools on reserve, condition, and value. 

(b) All other property belonging to Commonwealth: 

1 — Books. 

2 — Instrumenls. 

3— Stock. 

4 — Imp] emeu Is. 

5 — Other material not before enumerated. 

26. Summary of Accounts of the year. See Forms 30, 31. 

27. Summary of suggestions. 

28. Budget for succeeding year: 

(a) Labor proposed and estimated expense in del ail. 

1. Eoad Work: 

(a) New roads, Name Lenglh. 

(b) Old roads to be repaired or brushed. Length. 

(c) New fire lanes Length 

(d) Old fire lanes to be brushed, miles 

(e) New trails to be cut. 

I h Estimated cost of (a) $ 

(g) Estimated cost of (b) $ 

Hi ) Estimated cost of (c) f 

(i) Estimated cost of (d) -ft 

(j ) Estimated cost of (e) $ 

Total estimated cost, § 

2. Improvement Cuttings: 

(a) Estimated area to be improved, acres. 

(b) Estimated amount of material to be derived 

from improvement cutting. 

(c) Estimated value of product so obtained, 



(d) Estimated cost of suggested improvement 

work, | 

3. Kepairs to buildings: 

(a) Cost of such recommended repairs, ,ft 

1. Other suggested improvements: 

(a) Probable cost, f 

lb) Seeds and seedlings required: 

1. Seedlings needed for planting during the year. 
Species Quantity Spring or Fall. 

2. Estimated area in acres to be covered by the above 

planting. 

3. Quantity of tree seeds needed for planting in ex- 

perimental plots or nurseries. 
Species Quantity 

(a) Estimated cost of planting, .ft 

(c) New or altered equipment. 

1. Estimated cost, f 

(d) Other items of expense. 



10 



rNSTKUCTIONS UPON FORMS. 

1 and 2. 

Vouchers for expenses paid from appropriation to Department for 
contingent expenses. They are used only in the office of the Depart- 
ment. 

3 and 4. 

Vouchers for all Reserve Expenses. 

1. Vouchers will be made up in the Department. 

2. Statements for vouchers musl be submitted in detail by letter, 
setting forth bill, by name and amount, as 

Pay roll, . .' $150 67 

John Jones 11 00 

John Smith 6 77 

.'!. Railroad lave musl be indicated in this manner: 
Jan. 14. To railroad fare, Harrisburg to 
Summerville, P. R. R,, 250 miles 

(mileage), $5 00 

To railroad fare, Summerville to 
(Marion, P. S. & C. R. R., 16 miles 

i ticket ), 65 

Hi. To railroad fare. Clarion to Sum 
merville, P. S. & C. E. R., 16 

miles (ticket) 65 

To railroad fare, Summerville to 
Harrisburg, P. R. R., 250 miles 

(mileage) 5 oo 

20. To railroad fare, Harrisburg t<> 
Lebanon and return, P. <K: R. R. 

R. (ticket i 1 05 

Mileage books should be used whenever possible. 

No receipt need be taken. 

Pullman fare checks will be accepted as receipts. 

4. Trolley fare must be indicated: 

Jan.' 24. Trolley fare, Mt. Pleasant to 

Greensburg $0 20 

No receipt need be taken. 

5. Livery or automobile hire should always be accounted for by 
receipt (Form 7) or by receipted bill on liveryman's bill head, the 
latter preferred. 

The entry on the receipt or bill should be: 

Horse and buggy, Muncy to Eagles .Mere and 
return, 20 miles, |3 00 

Or, Double team, and driver, Milford. to 

Blooming Grove, 21 miles, 8 oo 

Or, Automobile, Renovo to Crossfork and re- 
turn, 30 miles 9 00 

6. Express and freight charges must be accounted for by submitting 
receipts on the respective company's receipt form. 



11 

7. Telephone charges should be entered according to date and 
places between which the telephone was used. 
8. Charges for single meals obtained at restaurants, or on dining 
cars enroute, must be noted as follows: 

.Jan. tt. To dinner enroute, P. 11. R. diner 

4417, ft) 90 

No receipt need be taken. 
9. Hotel charges should always be accounted for by receipt (Form 
7 1 or receipted bill on hotel bill head. 

1(1. Do not fail to itemize fully each expenditure for which no 
itemized receipt has been taken. Tin 1 terms "incidentals," "mis- 
cellaneous," and the like, are not to be used. 

11. In the case of surveys, hauling and boarding may be placed on 
pay roll (see Form 27) together with service. Separate receipts must 
he furnished for all other expenses incurred in the survey. 

li'. All expenses other than for traveling, those incident thereto, 
and for surveying, amounting to more than ten dollars require a sep- 
arate voucher, in which case there must be submitted a receipted, 
itemized bill, on individual bill head, or on Form 7, which will be at- 
tached to a voucher with the following entry: 

Jan. 17. To amount paid as per receipted bill 

attached hereto $15 85 

The voucher must be signed by the individual furnishing the sup- 
plies. 

13. Pay rolls, receipts and receipted bills of all kinds must be 
stamped "Received-Correct-Approved," and countersigned by the for- 
ester on the line provided for signature under the above words. This, 
of course, implies that each item has been received and approved and 
the charges found to be correct. 

14. Where any expense, is accounted for by the piece, pound, yard, 
bushel, hundred, etc., the entry should be as follows: 

12 Meals, at 20 cenls, ' $2 40 

15 lbs. butter at 30 cents 4 50 

2 dozen lanterns at $2.00 4 00 

15. Copies of all bills, receipts, payrolls, etc., must be kept in office 
of each forester, and properly filed. 

16. Whenever possible, pay expenses by check, indicating clearly 
on the stub the items for which the check is drawn. 

17. No person in the employ of the Department has any authority 
or legal right to sign another person's name for any purpose what- 
ever. The person who is to receive the money must sign his own 
name and if unable to do so, must make his mark in the usual way. 
The mark ninst be accompanied by the signature of a witness. 

The form of signature is as follows: 

his 
.John X Smith. Witness: Charles Brown. 
mark 

18. The general rule of fully itemized bills prevails, and every em- 
ploye must take notice. Follow the practice of getting, whenever 
possible, bills itemized on the printed bill heads of the person to 
whom the money is paid. 

19. Be sure to forward all bills and receipts with the voucher to 
which they are to be attached. 

20. All bills, receipts, pay rolls and vouchers should be forwarded 



12 

to the office not later than Tuesday previous f<> Commission meeting, 
which is on the first Friday of each month. 

5 and 6. 

Forest Academy Vouchers. 

Used only for Academy expenses. 

7. 

Receipt. 

1. Take receipts on this form for all expenditures possible, other 
than those for which receipted bills are obtained. 

2. No receipt need be taken for trolley fare,- railroad fare, telephone 
and telegraph charges, single meals al restaurants or on dining car 
enroute, cab or hack hire. 

3. itemize each expenditure fully. 

4. Pay expenses by check whenever possible. 

5. Always begin receipt by name of place where the expenditure is 
made and follow with date of payment. 

<i. If receipts are taken for lodging or meals, indicate by date; if 
for more than self, indicate number of men, e. g., 
Aug. 1, 1911, Supper and lodging for 7 men at 

2r> cents, $3 50 

Aug. 2, 1911, Breakfast and dinner for 7 men 

at 25 cents 3 50 

Aug. 3, 1911, Dinner for 2 men at 35 cents, . . 70 

Aug. 3, 1011, Feed for two horses, 50 

7. For further information, see instructions under Forms 3 and 4. 

8. Be sure to stamp 'TJeceived-Correct-Approved" and countersign. 

9. Date upon which material is furnished or service rendered should 
always be given. 

10. Postage stamps must be receipted for by postmaster. 

8. 

This form is used only by the Commissioner of Forestry, and is for 
the payment of the annual charge against the forest reserves for 
school purposes. 

9. 

This form is used only by the Commissioner of Forestry, and is for 
the payment of the annual charge against the forest reserves for road 
purposes. 

10. 

This form is used by the Commissioner of Forestry to accept or re- 
fuse title, for the Commonwealth, to vacant land, for which applica- 
tion has been filed with the Secretary of Internal Affairs, notification 
of which has been made to the Department in accordance with Act of 
May 3, 1909. 

11. 

Land Offer. 

This form is given to individuals desiring to sell land to the State. 
A copy of the offer is made on a similar form and sent to a forester 



13 

Or inspector with instructions to examine the land previous to pur- 
chase. The report of t lie examiner is written upon the back of the 
form and returned by him to the Department. This report should 
state, 

1. Whether or not the land offered is the land shown, if it is possi- 
ble so to determine. 

2. Whether it adjoins State land. 

3. Character of the growth, species present, and relative percentage 
of total stand; age, height, diameter, density ■, quality of trees. 

4. Soil. 

5. Roads. 
G. Streams. 

7. Distance from market. 

8. Other data. 

Then should follow an estimate of the tract's worth, judging by 
past purchases in the same neighborhood. 

12. 

Contract for Purchase of Land. 

Used only by the Commissioner of forestry. 

13. 

Timber Cut. 

1. This form is sent to those who do any wood cutting or sawing 
from the stump. 

'_'. Each forester should report his cut on this form, as well as upon 
Form 31, so that it may be added into the total cut of the State. 

3. Each forester should do all he can toward helping the Depart- 
ment to obtain information of this kind. Whenever he sees or hears 
of any individuals doing rutting of any kind, the names and addresses 
should be forwarded to the Commissioner of Forestry. 

14. 

Tabulation of Timber Cut. 

Used only in the Office of the Department. 

15. 
Forest Fire Report. 

1. For instructions concerning this form, see the form itself. 

2. Each forester should keep a copy of each report made. Form 19 
may be made up, to a large extent, with the aid of these reports. 

10. 
Rill for Extinction of Forest Fire. 

1. For instructions, see the. form itself. 

2. It is important that these bills be forwarded as soon as possible 
after the tire has occurred. 

3. A copy of each Are bill must be attached to the duplicate fire 
report, Form 15, and filed. 



14 

17. 
Fire Loss. 

1. These forms are sent out each year by the Department in order 
to get data on loss by forest fires. 

2. Foresters should fill out one of these blanks each year for the 
loss on the reserve of which he has charge. 

3. The statements made should be carefully figured out before be- 
ing set down. The loss may be made up of actual property destroyed, 
whether trees are standing or not, young trees not yet marketable, 
humus and soil. Any special features making the forest particularly 
desirable should be capitalized if the forest is destroyed. 

18. 

Tabulation of Fire Loss. 

Used only in Office of the Department. 

19. 
Summary of Fires. 

1. This form is to be incorporated as a part of each forester's an- 
nual report. 

2. The record of each fire should be made as soon as possible after 
the fire has occurred. 

3. All fires at which the forester or any of his men assisted in ex- 
tinction, should be reported on this form. Small fires as well as 
large ones must be reported. 

4. In reporting damage, it is better to indicate the character of 
the, damage rather than the value. As in the case of Form 17, refer- 
ence should be made to extent of damage done to young and old trees, 
stating whether they have been killed, badly or slightly damaged, the 
species most affected, etc. Especial mention should be made of dam- 
age done to any regeneration which may have been present. 

5. In reporting damage to forest floor, it should be stated whether 
merely the surface leaves, or a part or the whole of the humus has 
been destroyed; also something as to the condition of the live cover of 
the floor before and after the tire Sometimes damage to the soil it- 
self may be noted. 

G. Damage to game, or birds, or oilier features making the forest 
particularly attractive should be noted. 

7. It will be of great interest to keep records of the time of day 
when fires come to the attention of the forestry officials and the time 
of day at which they have, been extinguished. If patrol is necessary 
after extinction, a note should indicate the fact, and the time elapsed 
before everything was considered sate. 

8. Total cost of extinction should include (he value of the time 
spent by forestry officials and employees, and expenses. If individ- 
uals assist who are not paid by the Department or from the appro- 
priation for Extinction of Forest Fires, an effort should be made to 
learn what time and expense they have had and make proper report 
on this form. 

9. Be sure the cause is known before recording it. Do not guess 
at it. If it is unknown, enter it as such. 



15 

20. 
State Forest Reserve Rules. 

1. Each forester should see that liis reserve is well posted with 
these cloth uotices. 

2. They should be placed along all roads, especially near where the 
line of the reserve crosses a road and where, roads fork or cross, at the 
mouth of streams, along streams, and near camp sites. 

3. When notices fade or are removed for any reason, see that new 
ones are posted. 

4. Be careful not to place the notices on trees which are likely to 
become valuable timber trees. Try to find old, defective trees, or 
trees of little value. 

5. Become thoroughly familiar with these rules. 

21. 

Application for Camp Permit. 

1. The important thing about the application is that each individ- 
ual most subscribe to the rules and regulations of the reserve. After 
the application has been properly tilled and received at the Depart- 
ment of Forestry, if there is no objection to the individuals, or if 
there is no previous application for the same camp site, a permit will 
be granted. 



Camp Permit. 

1. These permits must be had before any one may camp over night 
upon a reserve. A copy of each permit is sent to the forester in 
charge of the reserve upon which the camp is to be located. If any 
one is found to camp upon a reserve without a permit from the De- 
partment, he is liable to tine or imprisonment, or both. (See Act of 
May 5, 1911.) 

2. Every effort should be made, by the members of the forest service 
to keep the Department informed as to the desirability or non-de- 
sirability of granting a permit to any one of the community or to 
any individual having improperly or illegally conducted himself upon 
the reserve. 

3. Each forester should report to the Department all cases in which 
campers fail to notify him previous to locating their camp. 

4. Under no circumstance must a forest official charge or collect 
any remuneration for rendering assistance, in the location of a camp. 

5. In case of campers locating upon a reserve, where there is every 
reason to believe that they are ignorant of the regulations, leniency 
should be shown. Have each one sign an application blank and 
forward it with explanatory letter at once, to the Department and 
permit will be returned to forester. 

23. 

Surveyors Daily Notes. 

1. Notes of fiual running are to be entered in ink each day on this 
form. 

2 



16 

2. Sketches are to be made on righi hand side of sheet. 

3. Sheets are to be sent to ihe Department weekly. 

4. Enter final courses and distances only. 

24. 
Daily Record. 

1. The object of this report is that the Department may keep closely 
in touch with the work being done on the reserves. 

2. For the foresters, they are of inestimable value in that at the 
end of each month the work of all rangers, and foresters as well, may 
be properly classified and charged to the proper accounts. 

3. With these ideas in view, this report should become a diary of 
each man in the service. The exact location and character of work 
done should be set forth in detail for each day, as well as the amount 
of time in hours spent at each operation; also in red ink the accouni 
or accounts to which each days work is charged. No one should 
hesitate to tell exactly where he has been and what he has been doing. 

4. The time of foresters and rangers costs value to the State, and 
consequently should be accounted for jnst as other expenses must be, 
and the time spent at each operation, or kind of service, should be 
charged against that operation or service at a rate per hour, de- 
termined by dividing the salary per month by 250, which rate, shall be 
known as the "service" rate. 

5. When each operation, other than distinctly administrative 
duties, has been properly charged for time given it at the "service" 
rate, the sum of the items should be taken; the difference between 
the forester's monthly salary and this sum should be charged to gen- 
eral administration. In case the sum of the items amounts to more 
than the monthly salary, the difference may be credited in the gen- 
eral administration account. 

6. If must not be assumed that 250 hours is the amount of time 
which a forester or ranger is expected to work, no more or no less. 
That number has been chosen to determine the rate per hour to be 
charged against operations simply as a matter of convenience and 
uniformity. Men in the. forest service do not work overtime; they 
are in the service of the State from the time they enter its employ 
until they leave it. 

7. In the case of the ranger's time, each operation is charged prop- 
erly and the difference between salary and the sum of separate items 
is charged to general protection accouni. If the sum of operation 
(barges is greater than the salary, the difference may be placed to 
the credit of protection account. 

8. Operations should be charged for rangers' and foresters' time in 
1he same manner as charges lor other time. If the forester would 
J^ave to pay for time to and from the operation, in case a man were 
employed to do the work performed, then the time occupied by for- 
ester or ranger in getting to and from the operation should be charged 
against it. Otherwise an operation should be charged only for time 
actually spent at it. Time in transit may be omitted in reports and 
consequently will be made up in charge to administration or protec- 
1 ion. 

0. Absence from the reserve should be indicated by "Absent on 
leave." If on Department or reserve work the nature of the work 
should be indicated. 



17 

LO. This form h;is to do only with the time of foresters and rangers 
and not with expenses of any other nature. Therefore, in the space 
for account charges, foresters will enter on their reports only the 
proper charges, determined from the report of their own time. In the 
proper space on each ranger's report, foresters will enter only such 
charges as arise from the particular ranger's time. 

11. After the forester has received a ranger's report in duplicate he 
should examine it and if found to be satisfactory to him, he should 
stamp it with the ''Eeceived-Correct-Approved" stamp and countersign 
it under the ranger's signature. All assistance, necessary should be 
given to the ranger so that he may make his reports in proper form. 

11'. Each day's record should be written in the evening of that day. 
Happenings will occur and observations will be made that, if not re- 
corded at once, may be forgotten and entirely lost. When daily en- 
tries are impossible the record should be made at the first oppor- 
tunity. 

13. Promptness in forwarding to foresters and to the Department is 
expected. All reports must reach the Department by the evening of 
the fifth (5th) of each month. For each day of delay thereafter one 
dollar ($1.00) will be deducted from the forester's or ranger's salary 
check. A record will be kept of all delinquencies during the calendar 
year, and deductions will be made, from the February pay check. 
Foresters must not hold other reports because of a delinquent ranger, 
but should send within the time limit what is on hand. Foresters 
must see that their rangers are not delinquent, as they will be charged 
with the penally in the first instance. Penalties may be removed 
from foresters and charged to rangers only on presentation of proper 
evidence. 

-4. Duplicate copies should always be filed in the reserve office. 

25. 

Time Sheet. 

1. This form was adopted because it has been used successfully by 
large corporations desiring a record of labor in detail. It suits the 
needs of reserve records. However, Form 26 may be used in its 
stead. 

• 2. The name of the month is to be entered after tin 1 words ''Month 
of." Beneath the days of the week, "Monday," "Tuesday," etc., 
should be entered the date in figures, ;is 

Monday Tuesday 

25 20 etc. 

.">. The forester, ranger or foreman who keeps the time should enter 
each new name in the proper column at the time the man begins 
work. 

4. Each day's work of each individual should be designated in such 
a way that there can be no possible doubt as to the operation or com- 
partment against which a charge must be made. 

5. Uniformity and clearness of terms is necessary. 

0. Each day's record should be made at the end of the day. 
7. Totnls should be carefully checked and entered at the end of the, 
week. 



18 

8. Transfers are made from tin's form to Form 20. 

9. After everything has been properly transferred and the amounts 
checked, the form should be filed. 

10. Do not file until you arc sure every entry is correct and that 
transfers have been made, correctly. 

20. 
Labor Account. 

1. This form was devised with the idea of using it as a summary 
sheet. 

2. The heading will appear when tilled, as follows: 

Labor for the month of March, 1011. 
Account ('looker's Run Road. 

3. At the end of each week, the time sheets (Form 25) are care- 
fully gone over, and when labor has bee ndone on Crooker's Run Road, 
the name of the individual is transferred, and the number of hours 
entered under the proper date. The rate paid is entered under its 
proper column. 

4. Do not overload the, reserve files, but at the same time, remember 
that crowding entries is unnecessary and should never be done. 

5. Subdivisions of an account may be indicated upon one sheet, 
as for example, in the account above, there may he "Clearing Right of 
Way," "Dynamiting," "Grading," etc 

G. Two distinct accounts should never appear on the same sheet. 
However, a continuation of the account for another month may be 
satisfactory. 

7. When a month's work has been properly distributed, the totals 
of all account sheets should agree with the totals of the time sheets 
lor the respective month. 

S. All totals should be carefully checked before making up the 
pay roll (Form 27 i. 

0. All accounts for the month should be closed on Saturday pre- 
vious to the Commission meeting so that the pay roll may he made up 
and forwarded to the Department with other bills of expense, in 
plenty of time for consideration on the following Friday. 

10. Totals of each sheet, or of each sub-division of an account, 
should be transferred to the ledger account and so indicated in col- 
umn marked "ledger folio." 

(a) The above system necessitates, in many cases, a duplication of 
names, and for this reason a sheet has been used by some foresters 
for each employe. Form 25 is eliminated. The different kinds of 
labor are indicated in the column provided for names. 

(hi The advantages of this method of use is thai if the rates of 
wages differ with different work, they may be recorded without crowd- 
ing any figures. Further, the total of each sheet may lie transferred 
directly to the pay roll, whereas in the other method each individual's 
time must be. collected from a number of sheets. 

(c) On the other hand, unless it is desired to enter the value of 
each man's labor in the respective ledger accounts, and to which there 
can be no objection, these items must be collected from the various 
sheets and entered as a tidal lor the month. 

11. Either method may be adopted, but when once adopted, should 



19 

be. adhered to in its entirety. If it is found to be more convenient to 
use the other method, a change may be made, but the change must be 
complete. 

27. 

Pay Roll. 

1. The pay roll is to be forwarded to the Department as soon as 
possible after the closing of each month. J I must be done not later 
than the Tuesday preceding the first Friday in each month. 

2. No pay roll should be forwarded until the forester lias verifie< 
its figures and found them to be correct. 

3. Enter each man's name when he is first employed during (he 
month, and he should sign his name in the column headed "Received 
payment" at the same time. If this idea is carried out, the forester 
will not be delayed at the end of the month in hunting his men foi 
their signatures. 

4. With reference to signatures, see item 22 under Forms 3 and 
4. 

5. Do not allow any person to receipt the pay roll for the amount 
due another. 

6. Do not neglect to stamp the pay roll "Received-Correct-Ap- 
proved" and countersign. 

7. Never use j hours on pay roll. Allow time to the nearest half 
hour only. Good judgment will determine when to give or take, and 
yet not be unjust to the employe or to the Commonwealth. 

8. When the rate for labor is above the ordinary rate per hour for 
day labor, always indicate after the man's name the kind of labor 
which calls for the extraordinary rate, as for example, James Smith 
I Carpenter). 

9. In case of surveys, pay for service, hauling and boarding should 
go on pay roll at rate per hour, or rate per meal. Total number of 
meals furnished entire crew each day must be entered per day in same 
manner as number of hours worked by each man. Receipts must be 
furnished for all other expenses incurred in the survey. 

28 and 29. 
Department Bill Heads. 

1. It is good business practice to give a receipted bill for all mate- 
rial sold for which money has been received. 

2. While all State business is expected to be a cash business, there 
will be transactions in which some time will elapse, between the pur- 
chase of material and the payment for it. In such cases a statement, 
on either of these forms, should be sent at the end of each month to 
the individual still owing the Commonwealth. 

.">. When payment is made, receipt the bill as follows: 
Received payment 10/12/12. 

(Signed) William H. Kraft, Forester. 

4. Do not use this form as a bill head for any individual. 



20 

30. 

Statement of Finances. 

1. This form should be filled out and forwarded to the Department 
at the end of each month. The heading will then he: 

Statement for November, 1012. 

2. II shows all the accounts of operations, or accounts by com- 
partments which the forester has opened in his ledger. 

3. A new account will have entries first, either in the receipt or in 
the expense column or in both. 

(a) If expenses exceed receipts, the dilference is placed in Dr. 
column immediately following expense column, and is a debit balance. 

(b) If receipts exceed expenses, the difference is entered in the Cr. 
column at the extreme right of the form, and is :i credit balance. 

4. For the succeeding month the form will appear: 
(a i Statement for December, 1012. 

Balances of November. 
(hi The debit or credit balances will be placed in Hie, proper col- 
umn under "Balances for November." 

(c) New receipts or expenses will be entered in place. 

(d) Receipts are considered as a credit item. Expenses become 
a debit item. Add receipts to credit balance and expenses to debit 
balance; subtract the two amounts, and the difference is placed in 
the Dr. or Cr. column according ;is to whether the debit or credit 
amount is the larger. As for example: An account at the end of 
November shows a debit balance of f 50.49; during December, receipts 
lo the amount of $18.50 were collected from the sale of material 
produced by the operation and there was an additional expense of 
$5.37. The December balance is determined by adding $5.37 to $50.40, 
which amounts to $55.86, and subtracting $18.30, leaving $37.56. 
Since the debit side of the account is the larger, this is a debit bal- 
ance and must be entered in the debit column. 

5. If expenses are paid, or material furnished directly from the De- 
partment, such expenses should be entered in red ink after the proper 
accounts, as a separate entry. 

0. If, upon authority from the Department, money received from 
sale of material is used to defray all or part of any expenditure, such 
expense should be entered in red ink, also, but as a separate entry 
ami enclosed in parenthesis. 

7. The total of all black ink entries in the expense column should 
equal the total of all checks received from the Department for the 
month's expenses. 

8. When any money from receipts is forwarded to the Department, 
a note and explanation should be entered on the month's statement. 

0. This form will be used to present a summary statement of finances 
to be. included in annual reports of foresters. (See Item 25 of Out- 
line.) 

(a) In this case the heading will be as follows: 

Statement for the Year 1012. 

(b) The balances existing at the end of the previous year will be 
inserted in the first two columns ; the total receipts and expenses for 
the current year will be inserted in their proper columns and the 
final balances should be the same as those for December, 



21 

(c) All expenses during the year paid, or material furnished, di- 
dectly by the Department, should be entered in red ink. 

(d) Money paid from receipts on reserve should likewise be entered 
separately in red ink and inclosed in parenthesis. 

(e.) The total of all money forwarded to the Department should 
be indicated, as well as the balance of receipts on hand. 

ol. 
Forest Products. 

1. In order to determine the development and possibility of the 
forest it is necessary to keep an accurate record of yields according 
to species and products. 

2. The only safe biisis Cor computation is that of solid cubic feet 
of wood, exclusive of bark. If bark is sold with or without wood, 
a separate statement of quantity and price should be given. The 
individual forester is the. only one who car determine this volume. 
He knows the number and quantities of various products and can 
readily determine the factor for reduction to cubic feel. No fast 
rule of thumb can be laid down for this purpose. 

3. Exact measurements should be taken whenever possible and ex- 
periments made, from lime to time in order to determine the factor 
for a particular kind or quality of produce. The results of such ex- 
periments and exact details (hereof should be carefully recorded and 
kept on file. 

4. Prices given should be those of various sizes, classes, and quali- 
ties of material when ready to be removed from the reserve. 

5. Data should be kept in each operation so that the forester may 
easily determine the stumpage value of various species and sizes of 
trees when made into various products. It is only in this way thai 
it w r ill become possible to determine the most satisfactory rotation 
and species for various localities and conditions. 

6. If more than one species has been cut on one compartment enter 
the amounts cut of each species on separate lines, in the four columns 
provided for species, and make separate distribution into product 
columns for each amount. 

7. Bark may be entered in "By-product" column but mark it as 
such. Other by-produtcs might be tree seed, charcoal, or anything, 
other than wood, that may be derived from the trees of the reserve. 

32. 
Financial Beceipts. 

1. The acreage to be given in the second column is that which can 
be used for wood production. 

2. The third column calls for cubic feet and means solid cubic feet 
of wood, exclusive of bark. 

3. If bark, alone or with wood, is sold by weight, some statement 
should be made to this effect and quantity given. 

4. "Gross receipts" means the total value received for a product. 

5. "Net receipts" means the receipts from a product after deduc- 
tions have been made for expenses connected with the manufacture 
and sale of the product. 

C>. If material is sold on the stump and no charges except for super- 



22 

vision are made, the receipts would be entered as gross receipts and 
the charges for supervision, so marked, should be entered in column 
for cost of harvesting. 

7. Minerals are usually sold on lease and consequently may be en- 
tered directly in net receipts column. 

33. 
Plantation Report. 

1. For reserve record, one report sheet should be made for each 
plantation, as soon as the plantation has been made. 

2. Each plantation on a reserve should be numbered consecutively 
and the record filed accordingly: 

3. The location of the plantation should be definitely set forth. 

4. Be accurate, as to area planted. Make a survey when possible. 
The area to be entered in second column is the number of acres within 
the compartment which can be used for wood production. 

5. Always describe in detail the method of making the plantation. 
If seed be used, indicate whether spot, strip, or broadcast sowing. 

6. Give planting distance. 

7. Specify for each plantation, age, species of plants used, or species 
of seeds. 

8. Give data concerning soil conditions, condition of growth pres- 
ent, etc. 

!). Describe the preparation of the soil, if any, fencing, or other-pro- 
tection necessary. 

10. (Jive detail account of expenses connected with making the 
plantation, including forester's and ranger's time, as well as the items 
of expense indicated on the form. 

11. In summing up total expense and determining cost per acre, 
make sure the figures are correct before placing them on the form. 

12. For annual report to Department, one sheet may be used for 
several plantations. 

13. If two or more species have been planted in mixture or if each 
species is planted on a small area, the areas adjoining each other, one 
plantation record is sufficient. If, however, large contiguous areas 
are planted pure with different species, it will be better to make a 
plantation record for each area and species. 



Annual Planting Report. 

1. This form is intended as a summary of seeds and seedlings 
planted on reserves. 

2. The figures on this form must correspond with the. totals of 
Plantation Records for the year. 

3. Seeds collected and planted on the same reserve should be in- 
dicated in red ink so as to distinguish such from seed furnished by 
another forester or purchased by the Department. 

4. Seedlings raised and planted on the same reserve should be in- 
dicated in red ink so as to distinguish them from seedlings fnruished 
by other nurseries. 

5. Do not place on this form the amount of seed collected but not 



23 

planted on the reserve. Such a statement should appear elsewhere in 
the Annual Report (Item 12 of Outline). 

6. I>e sure i<> distinguish and place in the proper columns seeds 
planted in a nursery and those planted in permanent plantation. 

7. If seeds or seedlings, the botanical names of which are not found 
in the list on the form, are planted, indicate the proper name in the 
blank spaces. The nomenclature of Gray's New Manual of Botany, 
Seventh Ed i lion, is to be used. 

8. Any plant raised from a seed is a seedling. The age of a seed- 
ling is determined by the number of growing seasons through which 
it has passed. A seedling having completed its first season of growth 
is designated as "a one year old seedling," irrespective of when the. 
seed was sown. It remains a one year old seedling until the second 
season's growth begins, when it may be said to be in its second slim- 
mer, bnl il does not become a two year old seedling until the second 
season's growth is completed. 

Even though seedlings may have a new season's growth started in 
the spring when they are planted or transplanted, they are still de- 
signated by their age of the previous winter. 

9. The age of transplants is determined by the number of growing 
seasons through which they have passed. 

A seedling transplanted at the end of the first season's growth or 
at the beginning of the second and remaining in the transplant bed 
throughout the second season of growth, is two years old and may be 
designated as a two-year old transplant, or represented by the figures 
11. 

A seedling two years old, transplanted at the end of the second 
season's growth or at the beginning of the third and remaining in 
the transplant bed throughout the third and fourth seasons of 
growth, is four years old and may be designated as a four year old 
transplant, two years transplanted, or represented by the figures, 2-2. 



Plantation Growth Record. 

1 1 is absolutely necessary thai the Department of Forestry collect 
uniform data with reference to the growth of trees in artificial planta- 
tions, upon which may be based future sylvicultural ami financial 
plans. This form will serve for such purpose. 

1. One sheet should be used for each plantation or for each species 
in the plantation. 

2. This record sheet should be. related to Form :>..'! by entering upon 
it ttie consecutive number of the plantation which it concerns. 

.'{. Cross out "Seeds" or "Seedlings," according to what was used in 
making the plantation. 

4. "Age of Seedlings" refers to the age of the plants when they were 
set in plantation. 

5. In planting seeds, there may be spot, strip, or broadcast method 
of sowing, and various details connected with each. In planting 
seedlings, there may be hole, mound, split sod, and various other 
methods and details connected therewith. These details should be 
set forth either on the back of this sheet or on Form 33. 

G. The second column, "Age of Trees," should give the age of the 
trees from seed. 



24 

7. During the first ten years of a plantation, height growth may 
be measured annually or biennially. 

8. From the tenth year, measurements of both height and diameter 
may be taken at five year intervals, preferably when the trees are 10, 
15, 20, 25, and so on, years of age. 

0. Measurements should be made during the resting period of 
growth. 

10. Diameter measurements should be made at the same height, 
and at approximately (he same temperature. I Breast height is four 
and one-half feet above ground.) 

11. Height growth should be given in feet and tenths of feet; 
diameter growth should bo given in inches and tenths of inches; 
volume growl li should he given in cubic feet and to three decimals. 

11*. Maximum current height growth is the greatest growth in 
height of any one tree during the season of growth just passed. 

18. The average current height growth is determined by adding 
the lengths of the pas! year's shoots of all the trees in the plantation 
and dividing the sum thus obtained by the, number of trees. 

14. The mean annual height growth of a plantation is determined 
by adding the total heights of all trees in the plantation and divid- 
ing the sum by the number of trees to obtain the average height at 
the time of measurement. This average must then be divided by the 
number of years the trees are old. 

15. The mean annual diameter growth is determined by adding the 
sectional areas of all dees in the plantations, as found from diameter 
measurements, and dividing the sum by the number of trees in the 
plantation. The result will be the average sectional area at the time 
of measurement. From this may be found the average diameter. 
The average diameter is then divided by the number of years the 
trees are old to obtain the mean annual diameter growth. 

1(5. Having the. average height and diameter of the trees in a 
plantation at any time, t lie volume of such a tree is determined by 
finding a tree of such size and making careful volume measurements 
of it. The volume of such a tree, called the '•mean sample tree," 
multiplied by the number of trees in the plantation, will give the 
volume of the whole plantation. (See Graves' Mensuration, pp. 228 
and 229.) This volume divided by the number of years the trees 
are. old will give the mean annual volume growth. 

17. When material is removed, the date should he given. 

18. Explanation of .Crown (Masses: 

Predominant — When the crown of the tree is partially or wholly 
above the general level of the top of the canopy. 

Dominant — When the crown has light from above, and very little 
from the side, being one of those making up the more or less even 
canopy height. 

Intermediate— When the crown has no light from side and only 
a small amount from the top. 

Suppressed — When the crown receives no light from top or side 
and the tree is in a weakened condition bv reason of insufficient light. 



25 

36. 
Roads, Trails and Fire Lanes. 

1. A road shall be considered as a way of travel wide enough for 
the use of wagons, having been so nsed or to be used, and is supposed 
to be made bare of growth for at least 6 feet, especially if it is to be 
a part of the permanent road system. 

2. A trail shall be considered as a narrow way for foot travel, or 
for horse-back riding, and is supposed to be made bare for from one 
to three feet. 

3. A fire lane shall be considered as a way cleared through brush 
or forest, where a road or trail would never likely be built, and from 
which the brush and loose debris are removed. The width may be 
from 4 to 20 feet, of which at least one foot should be made bare. 

4. When a road or trail has been laid out and the right of wav 
cleared of brush only, h should not be reported as a fire lane. 

5. A trail may, at some time, become a road, or a road, by discon- 
tinued use, may become a trail. Either or both may be abandoned. 

G. Any changes in conditions should be noted, and reasons for them 
given. 

7. Brush may be removed from either side of a road or trail to 
any distance permitted, but not change the character of the way. 
The brush removal should extend no farther than is necessary. Bare 
soil is better than great width of open space. 

8. Distinguish carefully between extension and improvement. 

(a) Extension refers to an entirely new road, trail or fire lane, 
where none has existed previously. 

(b) Improvement refers to work done upon old roads or trails now 
existing, or upon new roads after having been considered completed 
and repairs become necessary. 

0. Each road, trail, or fire lane should be designated definitely and 
its termini definitely determined from time to time. 

10. Grading refers to 1he establishment of the general grade of a 
road or trail, as indicated by its rise or fall in length and includes 
the cost of survey. 

11. Ditching refers to the accomplishment of good drainage by 
ditches on inside of road, cross-drains or sub-drainage. 

12. Surfacing refers to rounding up the road after it has been 
graded and ditched, either with earth, gravel, stone or other material 
necessary to complete the work and make a finished road. 

13. The cost of extension should be indicated by the rate per 100 
feet of distance extended. 

14. All improvements and repairs should be reported on the basis 
of cost per 100 feet of total length of road. 

15. Notice that the column headed "Length" is under "extension" 
and in it should be placed the length of extension of new road, trail, 
or fire lane, and not the total length of the road. The latter may be 
indicated in small figures in the column headed "Roads, Trails, or 
Fire Lanes." 

16. In summary to Department in Annual Report, use one sheet 
for roads, one for trails and one for fire lanes. 

17. Brushed boundary lines should be so indicated and not classed 
as fire lanes, although they may be reported upon this form as well as 
under item 3 of report outline. 



26 

18. All roads, trails, streams, and open boundary lines are fire lanes 
in effect but should not be reported as such. 

37. 

Descriptions of Compartments. 

Forms 37, 38 and 39 are very important as a basis of future forest 
management. It is not expected that exact data can be recorded 
upon them at present, but an effort should be made to cover the whole 
reserve and make proper entries on these forms, recording everything 
as far as possible at present. From time to time proper revisions 
may be made. In no case should the preliminary sheets be destroyed. 

1. It should be remembered that the compartment is the smallest 
unit of management, should be bounded by geographic features, 
i-oads, or trails, as far as possible, and should not exceed 3(10 acres. 

2. For the time being, warrants may be used in place of compart- 
ments, if their locations are definitely known. 

."». A "blank'' is a portion of the timber producing area, having no 
frees or but a few, hence necessitating a complete restocking. It 
does not include any areas not intended for wood production. Jn 
some cases the latter areas may have a thin stocking which may give 
a small return from time to time. 

4. Under "Sylvicultural System" may be given any past history 
with reference to the, growth. 

5. "Quality of Locality" may be indicated by Roman numbers. 

0. "Quality of Growing Stock" may be indicated by decimals and 
should comprehend density and condition of trees. 

7. Cinder "Remarks" may be staled something descriptive of present 
conditions and of suggested future treatment. 

S. Do not be afraid to use paper in giving details. 

38. 
Table of Areas. 
This form is self explanatory ami requires only a careful estimate 
or survey of areas. 

39. 

Tables of Qualities of Locality. 
By "Quality of Locality", is meant the yield capacity as expressed 
by the quantity of produce which can be derived from the locality. 

1. Under "Species and Sylvicultural System" should be noted con- 
ditions at present. 

2. The following table shall determine the quality class. 

I. (Best) Areas capable of producing per acre per annum 1(10 

solid cubic feet of wood or more. 

II. Areas capable of producing over 75 and less than 100 solid 

cubic feet of wood. 

III. Areas capable of producing over 50 ami less than 75 solid 

cubic feet of wood. 

IV. Areas capable of producing over 30 and less than 50 solid 

cubic feet of wood. 

V. ( Poorest i Areas capable of producing over 10 and less than 

30 solid cubic feel of wood. 

3. Remarks should cover any matters which will set forth present 
conditions in any clearer light. 



27 

40. 

Valuation Stirrer. 

There are many methods of making- a valuation survey, bu1 this 
form is adapted to most of them. 

1. Each sheet should he dated on the day (lie notes are entered. 

2. "Locality" refers to quality of locality. 

:*>. "Area" refers to the area which is being worked, as either the 
total area or the unit or area. 

4. "Number" is that of the sheet covering the area indicated. 

5. Calipering should he done carefully, paying attention to 

(a) Position of calipers. They should be at right angle to I he 

axis of the tree. 
(hi Uniform height of measurement should he maintained. 

(c) Swellings, knots, vines, etc., should he avoided. 

(d) Average diameter should he read. 

6. Except in case of very exact work, diameters may be entered in 
two-inch classes. 

41. 

Tree Analysis. 

"The measurement of a felled tree to determine its growth is called 
a tree analysis." H. S. Graves. 

J. Date should be entered, the day the analysis is made. 

2. "Type" refers to type of tree, as predominant, dominant, or sup 
pressed, etc. 

3. "Locality" refers to quality of locality. 

4. "Height of Cross Section" refers to the number of feet above 
ground at which the animal rings are counted and measured. 

5. To determine the age of the tree, determine the number of years 
required for the tree to reach the height of the cross section, by ex- 
amination of small seedling's or sprouts in the neighborhood; e. g., 
if the tree is cut at one foot from the ground and is a white, pine, it 
may have required live years to reach that height. Then count the 
number of rings from centre to bark: add five for the total age. 

0. If the cross section is one foot above ground and it took five 
years to reach that height, the radius at one foot when five years old 
was 0. At ten years the radius was the distance from centre to out- 
side of the 5th annual ring; at 15 years the distance from centre to 
tenth annual ring, and so on. 

7. Suppose Hie tree is 87 years old and the cross-section is 40 feet 
high. We determine first where the annual ring laid on in the 80th 
year of growth is by counting seven rings from the bark. The radius 
at 80 years at this height is Hie distance from centre to the outside 
of the ring, outside of which there are still seven rings. 

Counting ten rings toward the center determines the animal de- 
posit of wood made in the 70rh year of the tree's life, and so on. 

There may be a number of rings from the place of last measurement 
to center, say, 8. It would mean, if in all there Avere 25 rings on the 
cross-section, that it required G2 years to reach a height of 40 feet; 
in other words, 87 minus 25 equals 02. 

8. "Diameter B. H." refers to diameter at 41 feet above ground, 
outside of bark. 



2S 

9. "Merchantable Length" refers to the total length of stem that 
might possibly be used, if taken to the lowest diameter which can be 
utilized in any market. 

10. When analysis is made for accurate results, f be tree should be. 
cut into sections not longer than four feet. 

(a) The tree must be cut off as close to the ground as possible. 

(b) The next cut must be at exactly two feet above stump cut. 

(c) The last two cuts must be made two feet apart. 

(d) In computing volume the portion of the tree above the last cut 
must be considered as a cone. 

11. The name of the person making the analysis must be on each 
sheet. 

42. 

Tree Volume. 

This sheet is to be used for recording the final figures in working 
up tree volume from data on Form 41. 

1. Date should be the clay upon which the calculations are made. 

2. "Species," "No. of Tree," "Type," and "Locality," should corres- 
pond with the entries on Form 41, from which the necessary data are 
taken. 

3. "Type" again refers to type of trees. 

4. "Locality" refers to quality of locality. 

5. The first computation will he to calculate the volume of the 
whole tree, including hark (branch wood may or may not have been 
considered in the analysis). 

(a) The stump will be regarded as a cylinder. 

(b) Each log shall be regarded as a truncate paraboloid the vol- 
ume of which equals one-half the sum of the sectional area of top plus 
the sectional area of the base, multiplied bv the length. Represented 

S+s 

in formula V= x L 

2 

(c) What is left above the last log is considered as a cone. 

G. The second computation is to find the. volume of the whole tree 
without bark. 

7. The next computations are for the volume of the tree, without 
bark, at specific ages, as seventy, sixty, fifty, forty years, and so on. 

8. In the 1 case of special analysis as under item 10, Form 41, the 
second cross-section is regarded as tin 1 sectional area in the middle 
of a four foot truncated paraboloid, the volume of which is found by 
multiplying the sectional area in the middle by the length, which in 
each instance in this case is 4. Refer to Vol. Ill Schlich's Manual of 
Forestry, 3rd Edition, page •".<>. 

43. 

Application for Examination for Admission to the State Forest 

Academy. 

This form must be used by all who desire to take the examinations. 
They may he. had by writing to the Department. 



29 

44. 

Academy Contract — Major. 

To be entered into by those who receive appointments to the A en 
emy as students, and who are past their majority. 

15. 

Academy Con tract — Minor. 

Same as above, except to be entered into by I hose who have not yet 
reached their majority. 

40. 

Academy Bond. 

To be entered into by all who receive appointments as students at 
the. State Forest Academy. 

47. 
Nursery Certificate Shipping Tag. 

1. One of these shipping tags, with the certificate properly filled 
up, must be attached to each package of seedlings sent from any of 
the inspected nurseries. This is required by law. 

2. Do not use this form for the. address card when it must be at- 
tached to a box. Cse an ordinary plain shipping tag. 

48. 

Application for Forest Tree Seedlings. 

This form will be sent from the Department to all private individ- 
uals (not to foresters on reserves) who desire seedlings from the De- 
partment nurseries. 

49. 
Lightning Report. 

1. This form is to be filled up by foresters, rangers, and any other 
observers the forester may be able to interest in the work. 

2. Definite areas will have to be designated where two observers 
might be likely to make duplications. 

50. 

Nursery Operation Sheet. 

The purpose of this form is that the forester may tabulate nursery 
expenses, so as to be able better to determine the cost of raising 
seedlings of various ages and species. 

51. 

Nursery Shipment Card (green). 

1. The nurserjmian must fill up this card at the same time as Form 
52, and send it to the individual to whom seedlings are shipped as 



30 

soon as shipment is made. (In case of private individual, card is 
sent to Commissioner of Forestry, i 

2. The forester receiving seedlings will retain this card, and as the 
seedlings are planted make note of their number, size, and quality 
upon the back of the form. 

3. If seedlings are received in the fall and some have to be heeled 
in over winter for any reason, a statement concerning the, matter 
should also be placed on the back of this form. 

4. If any seedlings have been lost or destroyed, a statement should 
be made giving whatever information is available. 

5. As soon as the shipment is checked by forester receiving it and 
the proper memoranda made upon the back of the form, it must be 
sent to the Commissioner of Forestry. 

6. Nurserymen should call the attention of express agents to the 
fact that seedlings have a special low rate. 



Receipt for Nursery Stock (yellow). 

1. One of these cards must be tilled up by the nurseryman for each 
shipment and sent to the individual to whom the seedlings are, sent 
together with Form 51. (In the case of private individuals both 
forms for each shipment must be forwarded promptly to the Commis- 
sioner of Forestry, who will then notify (he person to whom seed 
lings have, been sent.) 

2. After seedlings have been received and checked carefully, the 
forester will place his signature upon the card, and upon the back of 
it note whether the shipment was correct, condition in which seedlings 
were received, general condition and quality of seedlings, and any 
other information of value to the nurseryman. Then the card must 
be returned promptly to the nurseryman from whom it was receive^. 



